Why Drinking Sugar Is Riskier
“This is the first study to draw clear dose-response relationships
between different sugar sources and type 2 diabetes risk,” said Karen
Della Corte, lead author and BYU nutritional science professor. “It
highlights why drinking your sugar—whether from soda or juice—is more
problematic for health than eating it.”
Even after accounting for factors like body mass index, overall
calorie intake, and several other lifestyle risk factors, the
differences were striking:
- With each additional 12-oz serving of sugar-sweetened beverages
(i.e., soft drinks, energy drinks, and sports drinks) per day, the risk
for developing T2D increased by 25%. This strong relationship showed
that the increased risk began from the very first daily serving with no
minimum threshold below which intake appeared to be safe.
- With each additional 8-oz serving of fruit juice per day (i.e., 100%
fruit juice, nectars and juice drinks), the risk for developing T2D
increased by 5%.
- The above risks are relative not absolute. For example, if the
average person’s baseline risk of developing T2D is about 10%, four
sodas a day could raise that to roughly 20%, not 100%.
- Comparatively, 20 g/day intakes of total sucrose (table sugar) and
total sugar (the sum of all naturally occurring and added sugars in the
diet) showed an inverse association with T2D, hinting at a surprising
protective association.
The Metabolic Consequences of Liquid Sugar
Why drinking sugar would be more problematic than eating sugar may
come down to the differing metabolic effects. Sugar-sweetened beverages
and fruit juice supply isolated sugars, leading to a greater glycemic
impact that would overwhelm and disrupt liver metabolism, thereby
increasing liver fat and insulin resistance.
On the other hand, dietary sugars consumed in or added to
nutrient-dense foods, such as whole fruits, dairy products, or whole
grains, do not cause metabolic overload in the liver. These embedded
sugars elicit slower blood glucose responses due to accompanying fiber,
fats, proteins, and other beneficial nutrients.
Fruit Juice Isn’t a Free Pass
Fruit juice, even with some vitamins and nutrients, is much less
beneficial. Because of its high and concentrated sugar content, the
researchers conclude that fruit juice is a poor substitute for whole
fruits, which provide more fiber to support better blood glucose
regulation.
“This study underscores the need for even more stringent
recommendations for liquid sugars such as those in sugar-sweetened
beverages and fruit juice, as they appear to harmfully associate with
metabolic health,” Della Corte said. “Rather than condemning all added
sugars, future dietary guidelines might consider the differential
effects of sugar based on its source and form.”
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